Harvard experts warn that paracetamol use during pregnancy may raise risks of autism and ADHD in children. Here’s what the study found and what expectant mothers should know.
Paracetamol—often the go-to painkiller for headaches, fever, or general aches—is now under fresh scientific scrutiny. A large review led by researchers from Harvard’s School of Public Health and Mount Sinai Hospital, New York suggests that using the drug during pregnancy may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.
What the Study Found
The findings, published in BMC Environmental Health, analysed over 100,000 people across 46 previous studies using the Navigation Guide Systematic Review methodology—a rigorous framework for evaluating environmental health risks.
Researchers found that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen (the active ingredient in paracetamol) was consistently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders in children, particularly when mothers took it during pregnancy. The risk appeared across all trimesters but was strongest when exposure was frequent or prolonged.
“Our findings show that higher-quality studies are more likely to show a link between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and increased risks of autism and ADHD,” the authors noted.
The public health impact could be significant. Paracetamol is one of the world’s most widely used over-the-counter medicines, meaning even a small relative increase in risk could translate into large numbers of affected children.
Expert Caution: Do Not Panic
Despite the alarming headlines, experts stress the importance of balance.
Dr. Didier Prada, co-author of the study, warns:
“Pregnant women should not stop taking medication without consulting their doctors. Untreated pain or fever can also harm the baby.”
This highlights the tightrope expectant mothers walk: avoiding unnecessary medication while also preventing conditions like high fever, which itself can cause complications in fetal development.
Other Health Concerns With Paracetamol
The new findings add to a growing body of research raising concerns about the long-term safety of paracetamol:
- A University of Nottingham study linked paracetamol use to a 24% higher risk of peptic ulcer bleeding and 36% higher risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Regular use has also been associated with a modest increase in chronic kidney disease (19%), heart failure (9%), and hypertension (7%).
While these risks don’t mean everyone will experience such outcomes, they signal that “safe” does not always mean “risk-free.”
What Expectant Mothers Should Do
- Consult your doctor before taking any medication during pregnancy.
- Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time.
- Consider non-drug alternatives for mild pain relief, such as rest, hydration, gentle exercise, or relaxation techniques.
- Never self-medicate regularly without medical advice.
The Bigger Picture
Paracetamol remains one of the most trusted medicines worldwide. Yet science is showing that even common drugs can have unexpected consequences during sensitive stages like pregnancy. The takeaway is not fear, but cautious, informed use.
As Dr. Prada emphasizes, “Discussing the safest approach with health care providers and considering non-drug options whenever possible is essential.”
